Indications

While ketamine was originally developed for anesthesia, this section will focus on the indications that ketamine-assisted therapy typically treats.

Ketamine has been shown to have beneficial effects for a range of mental health conditions which will be discussed in greater detail below.

Please ensure that you read through all tabs before proceeding.

Anxiety

For clients with treatment-resistant anxiety, Glue et al. (2018) noted that they remained in remission three months after completing several doses of ketamine with a small portion of patients experiencing a partial or full relapse of symptoms (Rush et al., 2022).

Key Studies

Bipolar Disorder

Although thought to help with both unipolar and bipolar depressive episodes, some research has suggested greater effect as well as longer-lasting benefits for unipolar than bipolar depressive symptoms (Kishimoto et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2015; McGirr et al., 2015).

Key Studies

Depression

One retrospective analysis, for example, found that ketamine treatment for depression produced a response in about 50% of participants, while 30% met criteria for remission (McInnes et al., 2022); another study saw a response in 71% of participants with 29% achieving remission from treatment-resistant depression (Zarate et al., 2006). One study involving 235 participants displayed drastic drops in depression and anxiety after ketamine-assisted therapy, reflected in scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale; the improvement indicated in this study was found to be strongest among those with developmental trauma, as well as those who presented with more severe depression and anxiety symptoms at intake (Dore et al., 2019).

Key Studies

Eating Disorders

In a study in 2022, Calabrese et al. conducted a trial with 5 adults whose weights recovered from anorexia nervosa but still had eating disorder behaviours. The participants consumed a ketogenic diet for at least 4 weeks and then received 6 ketamine doses over the span of 6 months. The participants showed significant improvements across all eating disorder metrics used in the study. Only one participant relapsed 4 months after the study.

Key Studies

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the first randomized trial, Rodriguez et al. (2013) investigated the degree to which ketamine can be used as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. 50% of those in the trial met the criteria for treatment response, however further studies are needed.

Key Studies

Mood Disorders

For PTS, in one randomized controlled study, ketamine was administered intravenously and compared with intravenous midazolam; significant improvement occurred in 67% of the ketamine group while only 20% in the midazolam group saw such results (Feder et al., 2021). In a study of individuals suffering from PTSD related to racial discrimination, ketamine-assisted therapy was shown to help participants develop new skills to handle negative self-talk, catastrophic thinking, and feelings of helplessness; it also led to a significant reduction in symptoms which were maintained at follow up 4 months after the study (Halstead et al., 2021).

Key Studies

Substance Use Disorders

Ketamine has also been shown to help with addictions by improving cravings and motivation to quit using, as well as improving abstinence rates for many substance addictions (Walsh et al., 2021). It has also been shown to significantly change relationships with alcohol among research participants with alcohol use disorder (Mollaahmetoglu et al., 2021). One study of 96 participants with alcohol use disorder, for example, demonstrated that ketamine combined with relapse prevention–based therapy led to significantly more days abstained from alcohol use at 6-month follow-up than was seen with placebo (Grabski et al., 2022).

Key Studies

Suicidal Ideation

Indeed, its antidepressant effects are well known and have been consistently displayed in research, with noticeable improvement usually being seen within hours of administration of the medicine. It may also serve to diminish the risk of suicide (Fond et al., 2014; Hasler, 2020; Kishimoto et al., 2016; Krystal, 2007; Lee et al., 2015; Marcantoni et al., 2020; McGirr et al., 2015; Romeo et al., 2015).

Key Studies

Burnout

Within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, ketamine-assisted therapy for burnout and PTSD in health care workers is being investigated.

Key Studies

Activity

Select one of the key studies above. Read through the study and summarize the main points in this document. The password for the document is ketamine.

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